1. Muscle skeletal disease:
1)Muscle sprain:RICE
2)Cutting
要盡快縫合
3)Chest blunt trauma:請病人咳嗽或用拳頭壓壓看有無tender point,合併X rayrib fracture no.1- 3: heart, lung, trachea ; no4-8: hemothrorax ;  no9-12: internal bleeding。老人肋骨斷兩根以上要住院。

4)Tension pneumothorax:needle thoracostomy at 2 ICS (midclavicular line) ; chest tube at 5 or 6 ICS  (midaxillary line)
5)Bone:
要問清楚history以了解撞擊的力量及mechanism。骨折看PE有聲音或displacement,或active movement & passive movement(以扣除contractile tissue)NSAID會影響bone healing,要開ultracet或scanol止痛。
6)骨折固定(內、外或splint)一般原則:上肢6週,下肢12週(記得:傷筋斷骨100天)。打cast上肢12層,下肢16層(16-20)。
7)Colles’ fracture:distal radius fracture
8)Monteggia fracuture:fracture of the proximal ulna can be associated with dislocation of the radial head
9)Galeazzi fracture:fracture of the distal half of the radius can be associated with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. (又稱為reverse Monteggia fracture)

10)minor HI:沒有做CT,但是症狀還是沒完全緩解,可以留觀12H,check GCS Q4H
11)腹部外傷:sono看
Morison’s pouch hepatorenal pouch,可以R/O internal bleeding 



 

2      2. Wound:

1)Tetanus toxoid:>10<7(DPTTd接種未滿三次),都必須打toxoid 0.5ml IM。非clean wound則一律施打。

2)Wound classification:clean woundclean-contaminated wounddirty wound

3)Wound healing:primary closure,delayed primary closure,secondary closure

4)Wound preparation:anesthesiaàhemostasisàforeign body and hair removal(必要時照X ray;眉毛不能剃)àirrigation(NS最好)àdebridementàsutureàantibiotic

 

 

患處

縫線

拆線時間()

Face

5/0, 6/0

4-5

Scalp

3/0, 4/0

7-10

Trunk

4/0

10

Limbs

3/0, 4/0

10-14

 

 

注意:縫合後傷口還要局部加壓15min以止血,縫合注意dead space及適當的approximation(傷口每天長1mm,故<3mm可不縫) 

 

 

3. Animal bites(包括人):

1)不縫,要wet dressing,除了facePS debride後縫合。

2)Antibiotics:Augmentin 500mg pot id x 3-5days
3)bee bite
:>7隻要留觀,anaphylactic shock時給予:epinephrine(1:1000).03-0.5ml (repeat/10min),IV H1 & H2 blocker,methylprednisolone,B-blocker(alburerol) IH
4)
魚刺刺傷:在受傷初期應首先以清水或鹽水沖淨傷口,並去除遺留在身體之毒刺。然後立即以熱水浸泡傷口,如此可能使毒性蛋白變性而減少毒性;但如已產生明顯腫脹,則不宜再泡熱水,因為會增加局部腫脹。浸泡熱水之時間約30-90分鐘,熱度以能忍受的範圍為主。除此之外尚可使用抗組織胺(antihistamine)NSAID及注射破傷風類毒素、steroids等藥物以治療症狀。