1. High B.P.:new onset CVA(infarction)
SBP<220,DBP<130=>observation
SBP>220,DBP>130=>Trandate(Labetalol) 1 amp(25mg) IV ST
Repeat every ten minutes ,up to 160mg,if still poor response,try Nitroprusside
除了new onset CVA外
a. Adalat(Nifedipine) 1# SL or PO if SBP>180 mmHg
(contraindication:AS, unstable angina, AMI)
b. Trandate(Labetalol) 1 amp IV ST
(contraindication:digitalis resistant heart failure,asthma)
2.Low B.P.:DC會降血壓的藥(Lasix, Valium, Propofol…),看heart rate, urine output, patient’s appearance
Heart rate and urine output normal =>observation(physiologic)
Cardiogenic shock=>Dobutamine+Dopamine
Non-cardiogenic shock ,heart rate increase and urine out put decrease(compensatory)=>fluid challenge(2-5 rule)
輸Colloid ,FFP
Dopamine
Levophed
◎ Fluid challenge 2-5 rule:
CVP initial X
Challenge 200 ml,CVP<X+2,再challenge 500 ml
X+2< CVP <X+5,則challenge 200 ml
CVP>X+5,則stop fluid challenge,改用Dopamine
◎ Neck CVP insertion(測CVP level 才準,有ventilator者,要減掉PEEP,所以最好off ventilator再check,打完請照X-ray看位置(4th intercostal space,hilar),fluid level 要足夠,給升壓劑才有意義,否則會造成tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction,且效果不好。
◎ Dopamine用法:4 amp(800 mg)+N/S(D5W) 500ml(double dose)
2 amp+ 500 ml(single dose)
2 amp+250 ml.(二合一)常用
Dobutamine用法:2 amp(500mg)+N/S(D5W) 500ml
Start:3 µg/kg/min
Titrate:20 µg/kg/min(因為dose太高會有降血壓效果,所以limit dose到
20µg/kg/min,怕血壓會掉太多)
Dopaminenergic D R:2-3 µg/kg/min,increase renal and splenic blood flow
β1 R:4-8 µg/kg/min
α R:>8 µg/kg/min(才有升壓效果)
Ex:70 Kg,3µg/kg/min,給8 drops(ml/hr),用等比級數調整劑量滴數
*常用dose:26.6×滴數 / B.W.=µg/kg/min
>>__µg/kg/min*BW/26.6=滴數(用在400mg in 250ml)
*Single dose:13.3 ×滴數 / B.W.=µg/kg/min
>>同上
*Dobutamine dose:33.3 x滴數/BW=µg/kg/min
>>__µg/kg/min*BW/33.3=滴數(用在500mg in 250ml)
*Levophed(Norepinephrine) 8mg in 250 ml D5W
升壓效果較Dopamine強,倘若掛了dopamine血壓還升不上,可加掛levophed
若HR快,可先將dopamine dose調低
*洗腎後血壓低,可先少量補水(200 c.c.),若仍低,可給Dopamine
* 給double dose 是因為若是CHF的病人需要dopamine or dobutamine給太多水反而會引起fluid overload,所以double dose可以在少量水份給高量濃度.
3.Oliguria:
先排除obstruction,On foley,irrigation ,echo,If no obstruction,check renal function and compared with previous data,avoid nephrotoxic drugs,血壓低時身體產生保護作用,自然無尿,已證實用利尿劑或是Dopamine renal dose對預後不會有幫助。
4.Asystole,PEA(D/D:6H6T):
叫叫ABC(CPR),O2(on endo),IV(Atropine 1 amp,Bosmin 1 amp),monitor(EKG若show Torsades de Pointes給MgSO4 1 amp,DC shock(360J)
5.Sodium Bicarbonate給法:
check Blood Gas: PH<7.2才給(因怕太酸造成hyperkalemia induced cardiac arrest),看BE負多少
Ex:Base Excess:-16,IV push 4 amp,4 amp slow IV drip
6.Dyspnea:看pateint有無cyanosis,給O2,看O2 oximeter,作EKG,抽 blood gas to R/O CO2 retension,D/D CO2 retension or O2 saturation down
Allergy: Bosmin 0.3 ml inhalation,SC
bronchospasm:
二合一:Atrovent+Berotec(Ventolin) inhalation or
三合一:Ventolin+Bosmin+Decadron(各 1 amp) inhalation
Solucortef(hydrocortisone) 2 amp ST(excerbation of COPD:0.5 amp(50mg) Q6H × 3 days),Methylprednisolone: 31.25 mg q6h
Aminophylline(2 amp + N/S 500 c.c(pump),keep 21 drops):controversial,SE : tachycardia
Heart failure or ascities:
Lasix 2 amp ST(if blood pressure is acceptable)
AMI(check EKG,CKMB,Troponin I q6h):
MONA therapy with Heparin,inform VS 作PTCA
Pulmonary emboli
完全無法排除,by clinical,如果查不到原因一定要考慮,尤其是EKG有S1Q3T3 pattern,不過很少見,大部份以sinus tachycardia來表現,所以若有unexplained hypoxemia,D-D dimmer increase,CXR有wedge shape,如果PE為唯一考量,vital sign unstable,就先用Heparin or LMWH(Enoxaparin,Clexane)60 mg SC q12h,但D-D dimer在old age, infection, inflammation, pregnancy皆會上昇
7.Conscious change: D/D,find cause and treat
緊急狀況先排除:sugar,ABG,EKG,hemorrhage(作non contrast brain CT),electrolytes, sepsis
8. Fever: find cause and treat
obtain culture: S/C,,U/R,,blood cultures × 2,bed sore,cather related, lumbar puncture, thoracentesis, abdominal tapping if necessary
reduce temperature: scanol, keto if fever>38.3℃
increase IV
Empiric antibiotics(看部位)
9.RI insulin pump for HHNK,DKA,DM with poor control(Sugar>500 mg/dl,show high)
a. hydration:DKA:100 ml/Kg,HHNK:150 ml/kg
b. Plasma osmolarity : 2【Na+】+ 【Glucose】/18 + 【BUN】/2.8
c. DKA:if PH<7.1,再補Sodium Bicarbonate
d. ST RI 10-15 U(可給可不給)
e. RI pump(100U RI +N/S 100c.c.)
Ex: 70 kg,100 U RI + N/S 100 c.c. drip(1 c.c.=1 U)(0.1 U/Kg/hr)
Blood sugar(mg/dl) |
滴數 |
<200 |
DC且IV改成5%glucose0.45N/S 500c.c. |
200-250 |
1 |
250-300 |
2 |
300-350 |
3 |
350-400 |
4 |
400-450 |
5 |
450-500 |
6 |
>500 |
7 |
別忘了check sugar q2h-q4h,check K+ q4h-q6h,check Mg2+ initially
因為給RI會降低potassium(transcellular shift),所以
Potassium concentration |
Give? mEq over next hour |
<3 |
40 |
3-4 |
30 |
4-5 |
20 |
5-6 |
10 |
>6 |
0 |
等sugar stable and well intake,計算total dose of insulin/day四等份
multiple daily injection::RI__tid/ac,NPH__hs,check sugar qidac
10.若200<sugar <500:(sugar-250)/10
11.Hypoglycemia: 50% glucose 2-4 amp
12.Hyperkalemia:
Calcium gluconate先打1 amp
再給Humulin RI 8 U+D50W 4 amp(5 g sugar=1 U)
Kayexalate(Kalimate) 30 gm QID
Sodium Bicarbonate:在severe metabolic acidosis才用
Thiazide
H/D if intractable hyperkalemia
13.Hypokalemia: KCl 1 amp AT or PO TID with meals(if water restriction),slow K
看deficiency,算TTKG,A decrease of 1 mEq/L in the plasma K+ concentration may represent a total body K+ deficit of 200-400mEq
14.Hyponatremia:測urine Na,urine Osm,blood Osm,D/D,R/O Adrenal insufficiency
無symptom: 0.9 %N/S
有symptom: 3% NaCl(不可補太快,否則會造成central pontine myelinolysis)
Na+ <120: 3% NaCl
Ex:鈉缺少量=(135-現在data)×0.6(male)×body weight
0.5(female)
3%NaCl 500 ml=512 mEq
70Kg male: Na+=115 共缺(135-115)×0.6×70=840 mEq
補鈉的速度不能超過1-2 mEq/L/hour,24 hrs內不能超過8 Eq/L
所以一天內只能補70×0.6×8=336 Eq
336÷24÷0.513=27 ml/hr(滴數)
快速算法:24 hrs補一瓶3%NaCl 500 ml,所以20滴,之後再check
ps: Na在hyperglycemia時會降低,correct Na=Na + 1.4×(sugar-100),所以不要一見到Na低就補。
15.Hypernatremia:
Water deficit:=(plasma Na-140)/140× 0.6(male)× body weight
0.5(female)
缺的水分分成2-3 days補充,IV用0.45% NaCl, D5W
16.Hypercalcemia:
先hydration 至fluid status 足夠後給lasix,但要注意同時補充potassium.
17.Seizure:find cause and treat
- Acute seizure attack: Valium, Ativan
- Dilantin: loading 10mg/kg,maintain dose 1 amp Q8H IV,keep Dilantin level 10-20 mg/dl,口服效果也不錯1# PO TID。
- Luminal: loading 3 amp IM ST,maintain dose:1 amp HS IM
18. 插endo選號:adult: female:7.0-7.5,male: 7.5-8.0,插完記的照X-ray, location 為carina 上方3-5 cm, fixed 22 cm first
19. Ventilator set:
l AC mode,FiO2: 100%, RR: 10-15/min,
l Tidal volume: 10-12 L/kg, but 6-8 L/kg (ARDS)
l PEEP: COPD: 3-5 cm H2O, Max < 15( adjust 3-5 cmH2O every time to achieve PaO2> 60﹪and FiO2<60﹪),ARDS: 10-15 cm H2O
l Trigger sensitivity:-1 to –2 cmH2O
l Flow rate: 5-20 L/min
l Flow sensitivity: 2 L/min
l Inspiratory flow: 60 L/min
l I/E ratio:
1:2 to 1:4 (COPD)
1:1 to 1:2(ARDS)
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